It's bonus season for bankers. Is this just, with budget cuts and job losses squeezing the taxpayers who bailed out the banks? Great thinkers have mulled such questions for centuries, says philosopher Mark Vernon. So what would Aristotle do?
Is is fair and just to pay bankers big bonuses? You can seek an answer in three different ways, according to the three traditions of moral philosophy that dominate in our times.
The first answer can be summed up in a word: happiness.
It's associated with the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham, who argued that if you want to know the right thing to do, ask yourself what will increase the happiness of most people, and decrease pain.
Is it the size of the bonuses paid to bankers that so rile the public? The utilitarian could stress that growth, wealth and GDP contribute much to the happiness of all. These depend upon a functioning banking system.
And banks, in turn, need investment bankers to turn a profit. If those bankers are best incentivised by the promise of large bonuses, then so be it. Indirectly, that makes everyone happier.
The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people works well as a way of doing justice.
After all, who doesn't want happiness? Make it the subject of your politics and you don't have to worry if people are from the left or right, secular or religious.
But utilitarianism concludes that torture is right. One person suffers, but many live more happily as a result. Many are uncomfortable with this.
Explore the ethics of tortureThe utilitarian would also consider the amount of outrage and unhappiness that large bonuses generate in the population at large. There may come a point when the happiness generated by profitable banks outweighs the unhappiness of protests at the bonuses.
But then again, banks are so fundamental to our economy, and the economy is so fundamental to our happiness, that it seems unlikely this tipping point will be reached - as indeed the British government seems to have concluded.
The second tradition might come to a broadly similar view, but for different reasons.
The tax take isn't enough to head off protests It too can be summed up in a word - dignity - and is associated with the German philosopher Immanuel Kant.
The starting point now is respect for the rights of investment bankers. They are protected by their contracts of employment, and those contracts state that they should be paid large bonuses when their efforts generate profits.
Further, the bankers secured their jobs in a free market, one that others are perfectly at liberty to enter too.
So, if you think bonuses are wrong because you miss out as a result - perhaps by having to pay more taxes - then one answer would be, change your career. The City awaits you too.
Individuals have rights, he argued, a universal principle based on reason. After all, if I don't always and everywhere respect your rights, why should you treat me with the respect I'd hope for.
Nowhere does this matter more than when it comes to individual liberty, the exercising of free will.
Only this great strength is also a weakness. We are connected. If your community is crime-ridden or poverty-stricken, no amount of individual freedom will enable you to live well.
Kant's concept of 'an end in itself'Only that doesn't seem very satisfactory. Not everyone can be a banker.
Further, banks exist to serve the community. They are supposed to hold our money and lend it out, in order to facilitate the process of wealth generation - wealth that is for the good of all. This is to say that large bonuses offend our sense of the common good.
So this leads to the third answer, which is encapsulated in a word too: virtue.
The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle argued that justice is as much about the place you live and whether everyone can live well.
Whether or not the common good is served by large bonuses is one issue to consider now. Another is to think of the virtues that bonuses instil in the bankers. Do bonuses make them better bankers?
By living well, he meant we all have the chance to achieve excellence in what we do and who we are.
This requires education, emulation of heroes, participation in your community, and contributing to the common good.
But we value our individual liberty. Doesn't caring for others mean giving things up? We also have to debate what the good life is about, and are bound to disagree.
Aristotle on slaves and non-slavesIt could well be argued that excessive incentives cloud good judgement, which the good investment bankers needs. Rather, they breed greed, a fault that arguably contributed to the banking collapse of 2008. If you follow this logic, then bonuses should be cut.
Three arguments, then.
Does paying large bonuses increase everyone's happiness, because the banks do well? Should we respect the rights of the bankers, who are owed the cash?
Or do we need to think more about the common good, and what banks are for?
Mark Vernon will tackle more modern dilemmas on this page throughout the week. Tomorrow, should Christian B&Bs accept gay couples?
This article is from the BBC News website. � British Broadcasting Corporation, The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites.
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/int/news/-/news/magazine-12250405
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